AK47
Historické pozadí vzniku:
Do druhé světové války vstupovala Sovětská armáda s pěchotní výzbrojí, jejíž složení se příliš nelišilo od výzbroje armád jiných evropských zemí. Základní zbraní pěchoty byla opakovací puška (Mosin vz. 1891/30) na běžný puškový náboj 7,62x54R, doplněná u některých jednotek samopaly (většinou PPD-40) na pistolový náboj 7,62x25, důstojníci pak byli vyzbrojeni pistolemi (většinou TT-33), používající stejný náboj. V té době došli sovětští odborníci, stejně jako jejich kolegové ve světě, ke zjištění, že většina bojů za použití střelných zbraní se odehrává na vzdálenosti, na které je klasický puškový náboj zbytečně výkonný (a následně velká hmotnost zbraně i střeliva), ale výkon pistolového náboje mnohdy nebyl dostačující. Na základě tohoto zjištění byl pod vedením N. M. Jelisorova a B. V. Semina zahájen vývoj nového puškového náboje o sníženém balistickém výkonu. Ve správnosti vývoje takovéhoto náboje byli sovětští konstruktéři utvrzeni po ukořistění prvních exemplářů německé útočné pušky MP-43 (pozdější StG-44), komorované pro nový náboj Polte 7,92x33. Náboj byl dokončen v roce 1943 a ve stejném roce byl zaveden do výzbroje jako 7,62mm vz.43 (náboj je podle C.I.P. standardizován jako 7,62x39), ale na „svou“ první zbraň si musel ještě několik let počkat.
Již počátkem roku 1944 předložil Alexej Sudajev pokusný model zbraně, komorované pro nový náboj. Zbraň byla řešena s neuzamčeným, dynamickým závěrem, který vzhledem k nutnosti zvládnout výkon náboje byl značně těžký a těžká a rozměrná byla pochopitelně i celá zbraň. Při zkouškách jednotlivé součásti zbraně vykazovaly nízkou životnost a výsledek zkoušek ukázal, že Sudajev „ohmatal slepou uličku lidského vědění a oznámil světu: Tudy ne, přátelé!“
V srpnu 1944 proto Sudajev předložil novou zbraň s uzamčením závěru vykývnutím závorníku do strany, odemykaným pomocí tlaku spálených plynů na píst. Zásobník byl na 30 nábojů (předešlý model měl kapacitu zásobníku 35nábojů). Zkoušky prokázaly dobrou spolehlivost zbraně a v roce 1945 byla vyrobena série 50 kusů pro vojskové zkoušky. Po vyhodnocení výsledků zkoušek byla zbraň vrácena ke snížení hmotnosti. Tento slibně se vyvíjející projekt byl však po smrti Alexeje Sudajeva, v roce 1946, zastaven.
Jako nouzové řešení bylo rozhodnuto o rekonstrukci samonabíjecí pušky Simonov SKS-41 ráže 7,62x54R na nový náboj. Rekonstruovaná zbraň se ukázala být spolehlivou a přesnou a pod označením SKS-45 byla zavedena do výzbroje. Vzhledem k tomu, že zbraň nebyla řešena pro střelbu dávkou a konstrukce neposkytovala další vývojový potenciál, bylo od počátku jasné, že se jedná o řešení pouze provizorní.
Historie zbraně:
V roce 1946 předložil mladý (tehdy mu bylo 27 let) Michail Timofejevič Kalašnikov návrh svého automatu, jehož pokusný vzorek, označený AK-1, byl v listopadu 1946 vyroben v kovrovské zbrojovce. V následujících porovnávacích zkouškách se zbraněmi A. A. Dementěva z Kovrova a F. Bulkina z Tuly, AK-1 dosáhl, ve srovnání s konkurenty, dobrých výsledků, především spolehlivosti, a bylo doporučeno ve zkouškách pokračovat. Již v průběhu prvního kola zkoušek bylo rozhodnuto (podle vzpomínek Kalašnikovova kolegy Alexandra Zajceva dokonce proti počátečnímu odporu Michaila Kalašnikova) o zdokonalení konstrukce. Napínací páka i pojistka byly přesunuty na pravou stranu, pouzdro závěru je shora kryto po celé délce víkem lichoběžníkového průřezu (dříve pravoúhlého) s okénkem pro vyhazování nábojnic. Dále byla zkrácena hlaveň, prodlouženo předpažbí, změněno upevnění pažby a zdokonalen byl i bicí a spoušťový mechanismus. Bylo vyrobeno 5 vzorků, které se podrobily dalšímu kolu zkoušek, které ukázalo, že žádný z konkurenčních modelů se s Kalašnikovovou zbraní nemůže rovnat. V roce 1948 tulská zbrojovka vyrobila zkušební sérii pro vojskové zkoušky. Při nich bylo shledáno, že zbraň je snadno ovladatelná a spolehlivá za všech klimatických podmínek a v roce 1949 byla pod označením „Avtomat Kalašnikova obrazca 1947 goda“ (Автомат Калашникова образца 1947 года - AK-47) zavedena do výzbroje Sovětské armády.
Náběh výroby AK-47 představoval vážný technologický problém. Za druhé světové války byla v SSSR základním kritériem na vojenskou střelnou zbraň jednoduchost výroby, což se pochopitelně odráželo na kvalitě i technické dokonalosti. Konstrukce AK-47 však, ve srovnání s válečnými zbraněmi, kladla vyšší nároky na technologickou úroveň výroby. Ačkoli AK-47 byl, ve srovnání se západními zbraněmi, přece jen hruběji zpracován a přesně obráběny byly jen funkční plochy, některé technologie, jako tváření pouzdra závěru z ocelového plechu nebo chromování vývrtů, představovalo zpočátku takový problém, že až do jeho vyřešení pokračovala masová výroba samonabíjecích karabin SKS-45. Nové AK-47 tak k jednotkám Sovětské armády začaly přicházet až na sklonku roku 1949. Během 50. a 60. let minulého století byl AK-47 zařazen do výzbroje všech zemí Varšavské smlouvy s výjimkou Československa, stejně jako do výzbroje několika desítek zemí celého světa.
Od základního modelu je odvozena varianta AKS-47 (Автомат Калашникова со складывающымся прикладом образца 1947 года - Avtomat Kalašnikova so skladyvajuščimsja prikladom obrazca 1947 goda) se sklopnou ramenní opěrkou, určená pro výsadková vojska, jednotky zvláštního určení, osádky vozidel nebo technické druhy vojsk. Opěrka je vyrobena z lisovaného ocelového plechu a skládá se dolů pod předpažbí. Jinak se od základního modelu neodlišuje.
Během deseti let výroby došlo ke dvěma výraznějším změnám konstrukce. Technologické problémy s lisováním pouzdra závěru vedly v roce 1951 k změně na výrobu frézováním z výkovku. K druhé změně došlo v roce 1954, kdy zadní konec pouzdra závěru dostal definitivní, pravoúhlý, tvar a pažba byla upevněna přímo k pouzdru.
Zbraně systému Kalašnikov jsou široce rozšířeny po celém světě, kde dosáhly takové proslulosti, že se dokonce staly součástí státního znaku nebo vlajky některých zemí (Burkina Faso, Mosambik, Zimbabwe). Podle údajů v dostupné literatuře bylo do poloviny 90. let minulého století vyrobeno okolo 70 miliónů zbraní v různých modifikacích a to jak v samotném Rusku, tak i v cizině (licenčních i kopií – konstrukce nebyla nikdy patentována!) Důvod takové popularity Kalašnikovových zbraní spočívá ve skutečnosti, že se mu povedlo skloubit taková řešení, která poskytují kompaktní a robustní zbraň s vysokými užitnými vlastnostmi, s vysokou provozní spolehlivostí a relativně nízkými výrobními náklady. Konstrukce navíc umožnila unifikaci celé řady ručních zbraní – puška (automat) i ruční kulomet jsou stejné konstrukce a liší se jen délkou hlavně a doplňky.
Konstrukce:
Automat AK-47 je plně automatická zbraň s uzamčeným závěrem a pohonem automatiky pomocí odběru spálených plynů z hlavně a jejich tlaku na píst. Závěr je uzamykán prostřednictvím otočného závorníku, jehož ozuby zapadají do vybrání, vyfrézovaných v pouzdře závěru. Bicí ústrojí je kohoutkové s automatickou spouští. Pouzdro závěru je frézováno z ocelového výkovku (do roku 1951 lisováno z ocelového plechu) a shora ho kryje víko s hladkými stěnami, lisované z ocelového plechu.
Vývrt za tepla kované hlavně je tvrdě chromován. Hlaveň je nalisována do pouzdra závěru. Zhruba uprostřed délky hlavně je nalisován plynový nástavec, těsně za ústím je nalisován nosič mušky, v jehož spodní části je záchyt bodáku. První série úchyt bodáku pod nosičem mušky postrádaly.
Pažba a předpažbí jsou vyrobeny ze dřeva. Pažba je přišroubována k úchytu, připevněnému k zadnímu konci pouzdra závěru, od roku 1954 byla přišroubována přímo k pouzdru. V botce pažby je krytka otvoru pro uložení čistících potřeb (vytěrák je uložen pod hlavní). Pažbička se vyráběla z laminovaného dřeva nebo, později, z plastu.
Mířidla jsou otevřená. Klapkové hledí je výškově stavitelné s cejchováním do 800 m. Muška je stavitelná výškově i stranově. Mířidla jsou opatřena tritiovými tečkami pod zářezem na hledí a na mušce.
Zásobník je odnímatelný segmentový, s kapacitou 30 nábojů. Boční stěny zásobníku jsou ploché, bez prolisů (do zbraně lze použít i novější zásobník z AKM s podélnými zpevňovacími prolisy).
K automatu AK-47 patří i nožový bodák s čepelí o délce 210 mm. Na rozhraní čepele a rukojeti byla přinýtována nebo připájena příčka s nákružkem, který se navlékal na ústí hlavně. Zadní, nahoru zahnutý, konec rukojeti měl nahoře půlkruhový výřez, který se zespodu opíral o hlaveň. Zámek, upevňující bodák ke zbrani, se nacházel hned za příčkou (záchyt bodáku byl na zbrani umístěn pod nosičem mušky). Ostří čepele mohlo být nahoře i dole. Střenky rukojeti se vyráběly z červenohnědého plastu, nebo plastu plněného dřevěnými vlákny.
Technické údaje:
Typ - AK-47 (AKS-47)
Ráže – 7,62 mm
Náboj – 7,62 mm vz.43 (7,62x39)
Celková délka – 870 mm (880/645 mm)
Délka hlavně – 415 mm
Hmotnost prázdné zbraně – 4,3 kg (3,8 kg)
Hmotnost nabité zbraně – 4,876 kg (4,376 kg)
Kadence – 775 ran/min
Úsťová rychlost – 715 m/s
Počet drážek – 4
Stoupání drážek – 235 mm doprava
Délka záměrné – 378 mm
Kapacita zásobníku – 30 nábojů
Pozn.: Technické údaje se v jednotlivých pramenech odlišují, nehledě na odlišnosti jednotlivých variant zbraně. Zde uvedeny údaje jsou platné pro model vyráběný v letech 1954-1959. V případě, že se údaje v literatuře rozcházely, přiklonil jsem se buď k údajům převažujícím nebo k současným ruským údajům.
Výroba:
Automat AK-47 se v SSSR vyráběl v letech 1949 až 1959 Iževsku a v Tule.
V zahraničí se licenčně vyráběl v následujících zemích:
AK-47:
- Bulharsko - AKK (Avtomatičeskij karabin Kalašnikova)
- Čína – Type 56
- Jugoslávie – Automatska puška vz. 64
- KLDR – Typ 58
- Maďarsko – AK-55
- NDR – Mpi-K (Maschinenpistole Kalaschnikow)
- Polsko – PMK (Pistolet Maszynowy Kalasznikow) nebo Kbk-AK (Karabinek Automatyczny Kalasznikow)
- Rumunsko - AI
AKS-47:
- Čína – Type 56-1
- NDR – Mpi-KS (Maschinenpistole Kalaschnikow mit geklappbarem Schulterstütze)
- Polsko – PMK-S
Značení:
Automaty AK-47 sovětské výroby byly značeny na levé straně pouzdra závěru rokem výroby a výrobním číslem, které se opakovalo i vzadu a víku pouzdra závěru a pravé straně předpažbí.
Polohy pojistky u zbraní sovětské výroby byly vyznačeny tečkami a označeny pomocí elektrické jehly písmeny AB (někdy také ABT – dávkami) a OД (jednotlivými ranami).
Tématika značení zbraní z licenčních výrob je natolik obsážná, že by vydala na samostatný článek, proto jsem se soustředil (nejen v tomto odstavci) jen na zbraně sovětské výroby
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Russellkig - The Ultimate Analysis about Fake Purses: Understanding that World with Buying an Informed Buy
Knockoff purses had become the popular option to genuine luxury handbags, offering an same appearance for a fraction of the price. But, this knockoff handbag world could seem complicated, with numerous questions surrounding grade, legality, with ethics. Inside that post, us will dive into this industry for replica handbags, exploring this background with this market, that various types for copies, with tips with purchasing a informed buy.
History with Knockoff Purses: That replica bag industry has the roots during that 1980s and 2000s, at the time counterfeiters started making false copies from designer handbags. Initially, these possessed with low quality plus readily distinguishable as opposed to this genuine thing. However, during the decades, the market has grown, and replica handbags possesses grown more and more complex, causing this more difficult to identify them in contrast to real handbags.
Categories for Knockoff Handbags: There are several categories of fake purses available in this industry, individual possesses its own level for quality plus cost point. Below are several of the most usual kinds with knockoff handbags:
One Affordable replicas: These are from cheap materials plus readily identifiable as fakes. Those frequently offered on market stands or at flea stalls.
Two Mid-range copies: These bags are from higher materials plus are in order to imitate this genuine bag. They frequently available through websites plus in little stores.
3 Luxury copies: Those made with superior fabric plus designed so as to seem nearly unrecognizable in contrast to authentic purses. They frequently sold in exclusive shops plus through websites.
Lastly 1:1 replicas: These bags constructed similar to exact copies of genuine bags, crafted with same materials
Advice for Buying an Knockoff Bag: If you planning buying a knockoff purse, below are several tips in order to remember at consideration:
One Do your research: Make positive you acquiring from the reliable retailer possesses positive testimonials.
Secondly Check the materials: Make positive that purse constructed using high-quality content which equal the genuine purse.
3 Inspect the construction: Examine the sewing, zippers, with further details so as to make sure these made of excellent grade.
4 Check prices: Ensure sure you're receiving the reasonable expense about the purse.
Lastly Become aware of the laws: Within certain states, buying fake handbags is unlawful, thus confirm certain you knowledgeable
Conclusion: Replica purses can seem an great alternative to real designer bags, offering an identical look for the fraction with the price. But, it's important to conduct a investigation, be conscious of the legality, and create a informed buy in order to guarantee you acquire a excellent bag which meets the requirements.
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Albertwaigo - Men Dating Men: Celebrating Angel and Bearing
Men dating men experience get a bang, consistency, and the stunner of relationships in their own unexcelled way.
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CyharlesTot - Exploring the Miraculous of Dating: Connections, Growth, and Idea
Dating is a junket that encompasses the deviltry of good-natured coherence, offensive rise, and overpowering discoveries. It is a process through which individuals search romantic possibilities, getting to recall each other on a deeper level. Dating allows people to allowance experiences, exchange ideas, and fashion deep connections.
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In the empire of dating, whole encounters a diverse range of emotions. There's the exhilaration of convention someone trendy, the anticipation of a in the first place swain, and the titillation of discovering garden interests and shared values. It is a stretch of vulnerability and self-discovery as individuals public themselves up to the plausibility of regard and companionship.
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Effective communication lies at the heart of dating, facilitating understanding and connection between two people. It involves active listening, up declaration, and empathy, creating a space on real dialogue. Including communication, individuals can tour their compatibility, exchange thoughts and dreams, and build a groundwork of trust.
LamadiZ - BTC PROFIT SEARCH AND MINING PHRASES
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LamadiZ - BTC PROFIT SEARCH AND MINING PHRASES
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LamadiZ - BITCOIN MONEY SEARCH SOFTWARE
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LamadiZ - BITCOIN MONEY SEARCH SOFTWARE
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LamadiZ - BITCOIN CRACKING SOFTWARE
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I want to show you one exclusive program called (BTC PROFIT SEARCH AND MINING PHRASES), which can make you a rich man!
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I want to show you one exclusive program called (BTC PROFIT SEARCH AND MINING PHRASES), which can make you a rich man!
This program searches for Bitcoin wallets with a balance, and tries to find a secret phrase for them to get full access to the lost wallet!
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Gerardobef - The Analysis about Knockoff Handbags: Understanding that World with Making a Informed Buy